Resnick goes on to say "This vision puts construction (not information) at the center of the analysis. To this theory constructionism "adds the idea that people construct new knowledge with particular effectiveness when they are engaged in constructing personally-meaningful products" (Resnick, 1996). The Constructionism idea is based on the constructivist theories of Piaget. The work of Seymour Papert demonstrates the approach of Constructionism (Papert and Harel, 1991) (Resnick, 1996).
Squeak and Croquet have developed from the early work in Smalltalk and provided a tool for end user programming, collaboration, visualisation, and simulation. They have worked at bringing computers into this role for adults and children through Croquet, and several of Croquet's predecessors like the Logo language and environment by Papert, and Squeak, the open source Smalltalk language and environment, by Kay. Soon the Turtle migrated to the computer graphics screen where it is used to draw shapes, designs, and pictures.Īlan Kay and Seymour Papert envisioned in the 1960's the computer's role as a tool for the mind an 'idea processor'. The most popular Logo environments have involved the Turtle, originally a robotic creature that sat on the floor and could be directed to move around by typing commands at the computer. Logo is designed to have a "low threshold and no ceiling": It is accessible to novices, including young children, and also supports complex explorations and sophisticated projects by experienced users. It is used to develop simulations, and to create multimedia presentations. Its features - modularity, extensibility, interactivity, and flexibility follow from this goal. The Logo Programming Language, a dialect of Lisp, was designed as a tool for learning. This philosophy is based on Constructivism (a learning theory). 'Logo is the name for a philosophy of education and a continually evolving family of programming languages that aid in its realization.' Harold Abelson - Apple Logo, 1982. Papert worked with the team from Bolt, Beranek and Newman, led by Wallace Feurzeig that created the first version of Logo in 1967.
In the mid 1960s Seymour Papert, a mathematician who had been working with Piaget in Geneva, came to the United States where he co-founded the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory with Marvin Minsky.
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